Introduction
Diabetes is a major issue in the society as it has increased the number of deaths in the country. In 2006, diabetes was ranked the 7th leading cause of deaths in United States. The results showed that diabetes caused diseases like heart diseases and stroke. Also, diabetes caused high blood pressure and blindness. Diabetes caused kidney diseases and nervous system diseases.Type2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in many countries. Majority of the Americans have type2 diabetes. This is according to the recent health statistics.
Some of the groups in the country have a higher risk of having type2 diabetes than other groups. For example, type2 diabetes is common among minority groups in the country. For example, type2 diabetes is common among African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans. It is also common among Asian Americans and other minority groups in the country. In addition, type2 diabetes is common among the elderly people in the country.
In type2 diabetes the body does not produce enough insulin to control the amount of sugar in the blood. Also, the cells in the body may not produce insulin at all. This leads to type2 diabetes. Insulin is important in controlling the amount of sugar in the blood as it takes sugar from the blood to other cells in the body. Insulin enables the body to utilize glucose to reproduce energy. The glucose is supposed to be transported to other cells in the body to be converted to energy. If the glucose is not transported to the body cells it leads to diabetes complications. In 2004, diabetes accounted for 68% of the deaths of people having heart diseases and stroke. Diabetes is common among all age groups.
Diabetes is common among men than women. This paper analyzes a 40 year old man having type2 diabetes. The paper analyzes the demographic characteristics of the client’s population. It also discuses the professional, policy, practice issues and health economic issues that affect provision of health care services to the client. The paper also identifies the conceptual framework to be used in the study and how it is related to nursing practice. Moreover, the paper analyzes the Psychosocial, behavioral, social, and ethical aspects that are linked to the clients population. Also, the paper analyzes the path physiology and differential diagnosis of diabetes. Lastly, the paper will identify interventions to help the population prevent diabetes.
Demographic characteristics of the client’s population
The United States population is diverse. The population is made up of several, races and ethnic groups. That is the Hispanic, non Hispanic Whites, Whites, African Americans etc. The groups have different characteristics. The united states population can be analyzed in terms of race, gender and socioeconomic factors. The population can be analyzed in terms of income levels and education .The population of united states grew by 5 percent from 2000 to 2005.In 2005, the population of united states was 296.4 million people. The population in the country has increased greatly because of migration of m minority groups into the country. Also, the population growth is also attributed to the high birth rate in the country.
The United States is made up of four regions. That is the west, south, north and the east. The west was the fastest growing region in United States. The Nevada state was considered the fastest growing state in the country. California was considered the most populous states in the country. This is according to the national census statistics released in 2005.In 2005,California had a total population of about 36.1 million people. The state constituted 12 percent of the countries population. The population in California is composed of whites, Hispanics and other minority groups. The whites form 46.7% of the total population. While the Hispanics form 32.4% of the total population, other minority groups like American Indians, native Hawaiians, and Asians form 0.5%, 0.3% and 10.8%.
In 2005,98 % of the population belonged to one racial group.98% of the population was made up of whites. The whites numbered 237.9 million in 2009.The whites in the country made up 4.2% of the population. The African Americans made up 5.0% and the Asians were 16.4%.The native Hawaiians were 9.3%.
The population can also be identified according to age groups. The median age in the country in 2005 was 36.2 years. The non Hispanic whites had the highest median age. The median age among the group was 40.3 years. The median age among the blacks and the Asians was 30.9 and 34.5 years respectively.
The percentage of older people was high among the non Hispanic whites. Most of the people were aged 65 years. The number of people aged 65 years was also high among the African Americans and Asians. The population can also be identified in terms of age groups and gender. The number of children among the non Hispanic whites was small compared to the number of adults.22 % of non Hispanic children were aged 18 years and below compared to 25% in the whole population.23% of Asian children were aged 18 years. Other minority groups had low number of children compared to adults. Most of the people in the country were aged 40 years and above. Diabetes is common among all age groups.
For example, 23.5 million people aged 20 years and above have diabetes. Additionally 12.2 million people aged 60 years and above have diabetes. The rate of diabetes is high among men than women in united states. The national survey date release in 2007 showed that men were more likely to have diabetes than women in the country. The statistics showed that 11.2% of all men aged 20 years and above had diabetes and 10.2 % of women aged 20 years and above had diabetes.
Moreover, the rate of diabetes in the country was high among minority groups than the whites.6.6% of non Hispanic whites were diagnosed with diabetes in 2006 compared to 7.5 % Asian Americans. Also, 11.8% of non Hispanic blacks were diagnosed with diabetes, .Lastly, 10.4 % of Hispanics in the country were diagnosed to have diabetes.
There are several factors that have contributed to high rate of diabetes among the minority groups. First, cultural factors have led o increase in the rate of diabetes among ethnic and racial minority groups. The cultural beliefs and values of the different groups make it difficulty for the groups to eat healthily. The cultural beliefs affect health eating patterns among the groups and this increases the prevalence of diabetes among the population. Also, the cultural factors affect access to health care services among the minority groups. This makes it difficulty for women and men from minority groups to get medical treatment and advice on how to prevent diabetes in the society.
Another factor that has contributed to high prevalence of diabetes among the population is socioeconomic factors. The socioeconomic characteristics of a neighborhood affect the health status of a person. The environmental conditions influence the diet and physical activities of people around the areas. For example, people living in disadvantaged areas find it difficulty to get food and recreational, facilities. Also, they find it hard to have enough education facilities. Most African Americans, Hispanics and other minority groups find it difficulty to control diabetes regardless of their education level because they lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The groups do not access basic needs and this affects their health status.
Majority of the people in the country live below the poverty line and this makes it difficulty for the groups to afford basic needs like food and medical treatment. The number of people unemployment in the country is more than those who are employed in the country. This is has led to increase in poverty level in the country. Most people depend on casual labor as the main source of income in the region. This has affected access to medical services in the region. Most people having diabetes from the minority groups are not able to access medical services as they do not have enough income. Also, they do not have health insurance. This has in turn increased the death rate in the country.
Apart from socioeconomic factors and cultural factors, lack of education has also contributed to high rates of diabetes among the minority groups. The level of illiteracy among minority groups in the country is high. This is because the groups do not have good access to education. This has made it difficulty for the population to prevent diabetes.
The results released by US census bureau showed that 85% of people aged 25 years and above had high school diploma and more education. In addition, 86% of young adults aged 25 to 29 years has high school diploma. The percentage of educated women was also high than the percentage of educated men. For example, 85.5% of women aged 25 years and above had high school diploma while 84.9% of men had high school diplomas. Hence, most men are more likely to suffer from diabetes than women. The gap was wider among men and women aged 25 to 29 years. 87.4% of women had high school diplomas than 85% of men.
The income data is used to measure the level of poverty in a given population. The median households income in the country was $46,300 in 2005.The median household income did not shows any great change for minority groups like non Hispanic whites, Asians and blacks. The black household or African Americans had the lowest median income.
The group had a median income of about $30,900. The Asians had the highest median income of about $61,100.The median household income for non Hispanic and Hispanic household was $50,800 and $36,000 respectively. The low median household income among the minority group has led to poor living standards among the minority groups and also lack of good medicinal care.74% of men aged 15 years and above worked full time in 2005 compared to 60% of women in the country. Most minority races in the country live below the poverty lined.
This is because the groups have low income household median. Also, majority of the women in the country do not have good living standards as they do not have permanent jobs. The poverty rate for children under 18 years was higher than the poverty rate for adults aged 18 years to 64 years. Also, the rate was higher than the rate for adults aged 65 years and above. The poverty rate was also high among Asian and blacks compared to non Hispanic whites.
Professional, Policy, Practice issues and health economic issues
The provision of health care services to peopled having diabetes is affected by legal factors. Legal mandate can impact the provision of primary health care in different ways. The legal mandate can impact the provision of health cared positively or negatively. Provision of primate health care to patients having diabetes and other people in the country has become a major issue. Most facilities in the country cannot provide quality health care services to the patients because they do not have enough finances. Also, the facilities cannot provided hood care because they do not have enough workers. The provision of primary healthy care has been affected by legal mandate. The government has established regulations to govern provision of health care in the country. Also, the government has enacted laws to govern access of health care services in the country.
The laws have had a negative impact on provision of primary health cared. First, the government policies like financial policies have made it difficulty for people to get quality care. Most of the public health care facilities depend on finances from the government. The government allocated money to finance health care facilities. The financing of the health care facilities has not been effective because of the current economic crisis. The government does not have enough money to financed health care facilities. This has in turn made it difficulty for the health care facilities to provide primary health care to the population. It has also made it difficulty to prevent diabetes among the population.
In addition , the government has enacted health care laws to enable people in the country to access medical services. Most people in the country cannot afford medical treatment because of the high rate of poverty in the country. also, the high cost of health care services has affected provision of primary health care as most people cannot afford the health care services. This has led to increase in the rate of diseases among the citizens. The new health care reforms are aimed at helping people in the country get primary health care at an affordable cost. The legal mandate will help improve provision of health care services as patients will get primary care at an affordable price from an organization. Also, the health care facilities will provide primary health care at a cheaper cost.
The legal regulation governing employment of health care professionals has affected how health care facilities provide primary health care to the population. The legal regulations have affected employment of health care professionals. The shortage of healthcare professionals in the country has impacted provision of healthy care services. The government is supposed to provide finances to educate and recruit health cared professions. Currently the country has no enough health care professionals because of lack of enough funding for education and recruitment programs. This has affected the quality of health care services provided in health care facilities.
Health insurance regulations have also affected provision of medical services to the population. A large percentage of the residents do not have health insurance covers. This makes it difficulty for the group to access health care services from health care facilities. Though the government provides health insurance covers, the private sector provides health insurance covers to many citizens. The competition between the private health insurers and public health insurers has led to poor services. Most people are not capable of getting health insurance cover from the private sector. This makes it difficulty for the residents to get quality primary care. Also, majority of the people from minority groups do not have permanent jobs. This makes it difficulty for them to get health insurance covers from the employers. Hence, the government regulations and health insurance make it hard to provide primary health care to the population.
There are other professionals who will be involved in the provision of primary health care to patients having diabetes. For example, professionals from agencies like centers for disease control and prevention will help provide data about diabetes in the country and how to prevent it. The agencies provide information about the prevalence of diabetes in the country. The agency professionals will help identify the prevalence of the disease among men aged 40 years and above so as to help develop the right measures to prevent the diseases. Additionally, the organization will help identify the best methods to prevent diabetes in the community. There are various methods that can be used to prevent diabetes in the population.
For example, patients having diabetes are supposed to exercise regulatory so as to be able to prevent diabetes. Physical exercise helps eliminate excess fat in the body and hence ridiculing the rate of diabetes among men and women from minority groups. The agencies will develop exercise programs to help people in the community eliminate diabetes. Also, the agencies will advice people on how to change their diets. Dietary changed can help manage diabetes in the population. Most people from minority groups cannot afford to eat a balanced diet as they have no enough finances. The population will be educated on how to avoid refined sugars and sugary products as they increase the amount of sugar in the blood.
The community will be educated on how to control, the amount carbohydrates they feed. Consumption of high amounts of carbohydrates leads to high levels of sugary in the blood. It also leads to high amounts of glucose in the body and this leads to diabetes. Weight management can also help prevent diabetes among the patients and other people in the community. Apart from officials from center for disease control and prevention, nutritional, professionals will also help provided primary care to the community. The nutritional professionals will help the community acquire health easting habits.
The professionals are supposed to create awareness among the residents so as to help them overcome diabetes. most people in the community are not aware of the causes of diabetes. Also, the people are not familiar with the effects of diabetes and how to prevent them. The professionals will help the community understand the causes of diabetes, its effects and how to prevent them .This is done mainly through campaign promotions. The community leaders will also be involved in the provision of care to the community. The community leaders will help educated the community on how to prevent diabetes. The community will build existing health programmers in the community to include physical exercise.
Also, the community programs will incorporate nutrition and education to the public. Including the different elements in the community health programs will help eliminate diabetes in the community. this is because the public will have enough information to help them achieve health behaviors. Unhealthy behaviors in the community have led to increase in the rate of diabetes in the community. For example, poor eating behaviors, lack of exercise and poor dietary have increased the prevalence of diabetes among adult men aged 40 years and other people in the community.
There are various barriers to practiced that affect provision of care to people having diabetes. First, provision of health care to people having diabetes is affected by the personality of the patient. Most of the patients having diabetes are not wiling to get medical care. The patients are always resistant to medical change and this makes it difficulty to provide medical care to the patients. Only a small percentage of patients having diabetes may be wiling to get enough care from the health care practiced. The person might not be able to masked good decision on the kind of care he needs. This makes it difficulty for health care providers to customize the healthy care services to fit customers needs. This in turn affects patient’s outcome.
Second, the provision of healthy care services to the population having diabetes is also affected by relationship between patient and professionals. Most professionals find it difficulty to work with the patient because of poor relationship. The patients are always not cooperating with the professionals. This hinders provision of care to the patient. The health care professionals find it hard to provide medical services to the patient.
Third, the provision of care to patients having diabetes is also affected by the cultural factors. The population in the country is diverse and this makes it difficulty to attend to patients having diabetes. The cultural factors like beliefs in the community affect provision of health care services to the patients. For example, some cultures do not allows patients to get medical treatment freely. This makes it hard for the medical practitioners to give enough care to the patients. Also, the medical practitioners always experience communication problems. Though most people in there community are educated, the socioeconomic status of the surrounding environment makes it difficulty for them to make proper decision. This influences the quality of care provided to the community. Also, the health professionals might nit have enough education to provide medical care to the patients. This makes it hard to provide quality care to the patients.
Another barrier to provision of care to patients having diabetes is socioeconomic issues. Most people in the country are not able to access health care services because of economic factors. Low income earners are not able to access healthy care services like high income earners. This makes it hard for the professionals to attend to the patients. Also, the health professionals are nit able to provide quality cared to patients having diabetes died to lack of finances. The health care facilities depend on finances from the government in order to provide health care services. Current economic issues have made it difficulty for health care organizations to provide health care services to the population.
The factors above have made it hard for the population to get enough attention from the health care professionals.
The health care professionals should consider the barriers above when providing medical care to the population having diabetes. First, the health care facilities should look for alternative sources of money so as to avoid financial shortage. This will masked it easy for the organizations to provide quality cared. For example, the health care organizations can get assistance from other health care organizations like Medicare so as to provide services to the patients.
Further, the health care professionals should consider creating a positive environment when providing care. For example, the health professionals should improve the relationship between the patients and the professionals. This will help enhance corporation between the nurses and the pageant. Improving communication between the patient and the nurses can also help overcome the barriers to practice. For instance, the health car professionals should encourage open communication between them and the patient. Improving the personality of the patient can also help improve the outcome of the clinical practiced. The nursed should encourage the patient to improve his or her personality so as to facilitated good cared.
Lastly, the nurses should consider cultural factors when providing care to the patients. Cultural factors hinder provision of care. This is because most people in the society are not able to accept new changes.
There are various regulation that determine the scope of practice in providing primary health care to people having various diseases. The American Academy of nurse practitioners regulations affect the provision of care to patients .The legal regulations established by the organization govern the services provided by the nurses. The regulations define the qualifications and responsibilities of nurse practitioners in providing health care services to patients .The standards set cover the process of care and the environment. They also govern the quality of care provided by the nurse practitioners. Like any other disease, the provision of care to patients having diabetes will also be guided by the legal regulations set by the organization.
In addition, the regulations emphasize on healthy promotion and disease prevention method in the community. It also guides nurses in diagnosis and treatment of various infections like diabetes. Nurse practitioner are supposed to use the right method to diagnose diabetes in the community. Also, the nurses are supposed to prove effective treatment to the patients. The regulations will ensure nurses provide the best care to the population hacking diabetes. This will help eliminate diabetes in the area.
Additionally, government regulations affect provision of health care services to patients having diabetes. The health care facilities and professionals are supposed to conform to the rules established to provide health care services to citizens. The government regulations differ from one country to another. This is because countries have established regulations to govern health care services. The health care facilities are government by the regulations given by the government. The government regulations affect health insurance in the country.
Most of the health insurers are supposed to conform to the laws established. The health insurers are supposed to provide medical cover to citizens. Health care regulations have made it difficulty for patients to get medical cover. This has made it difficulty for people to get health care services. The health insurers have some limitations that affect provision of health care services. For instance, the health insurers require the patient to be treated by specific doctors selected by the health insurance company. This has affects the scope of practice as the health practitioners are supposed to conform to the rules established by the health insurance company.
The health care professionals can use different financial resources to provide health care services to patients suffering from diabetes. Examples of the financial resources include Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is an insurance program that provides health insurance cover to people aged 65 years and above. The organization is governed by the United States government. Medicare is partially financed using the payroll taxes. The Medicare organization uses taxes deduction from employee’s wages and salaries to fund the program. Medicare can be used to provide health care to patients having diabetes. The organization provides different types of services. For example, the organization provides hospital insurance. The hospital insurance helps pay for inpatient services.
The patient can use the insurance cover to pay for drugs and other things. Medicare provides medical insurance to patients to pay for outpatient services sand other services not covered by the hospital insurance. The Medicare program will help low income earners in the population access both in patient and out parturient services. This will help enhance access of health care services among people having diabetes and ridiculed the rate of diabetes in the country. The Medicare program will help the health care facilities and professionals provide quality care to the patients. Most people in the country are not able to access quality care because of the high cost of care.
Another source of finance is Medicaid. The Medicaid program is important to people and families having lows incomes and resources. The program enables people having low income access health care services like the rich. The program is funded by the state and federal government. Medicaid is the largest source of m owned for patients having low income. The program provides funding for medical services and other services. The Medicaid program will help reduce the death rate among people having diabetes. It also help improve the quality of life among people having diabetes.
